基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法

彭晏飞; 袁晓龙; 赵涛; 陈炎康

doi:10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2026.01.017

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基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法

研究与分析 | 更新时间：2026-04-13

- 基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法
- Detection Method for Insulator Defect Based on Improved YOLOv5s
- 高压电器 2026年62卷第1期页码：134-142
- 作者机构：
  
  辽宁工程技术大学电子与信息工程学院，辽宁葫芦岛　125105
- 作者简介：
  
  彭晏飞（1975—），男，博士，教授，主要研究方向为智能信息处理、计算机视觉（E-mail：pengyf75@126.com）。
  袁晓龙（1999—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为电力视觉（通信作者）（E-mail：2577468710@qq.com）。
- 基金信息：
  
  国家自然科学基金;National Natural Science Foundation of China(61772249);辽宁省高等学校基本科研项目;Basic Research Projects of Colleges and Universities in Liaoning Province(LJKZ0358)
- DOI：10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2026.01.017
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-06-21，
  
  修回：2025-09-18，
  
  纸质出版：2026-01-16
- 稿件说明：
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彭晏飞, 袁晓龙, 赵涛, 等. 基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法[J]. 高压电器, 2026,62(1):134-142.

PENG Yanfei, YUAN Xiaolong, ZHAO Tao, et al. Detection Method for Insulator Defect Based on Improved YOLOv5s[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2026, 62(1): 134-142.
彭晏飞, 袁晓龙, 赵涛, 等. 基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法[J]. 高压电器, 2026,62(1):134-142. DOI： 10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2026.01.017.

PENG Yanfei, YUAN Xiaolong, ZHAO Tao, et al. Detection Method for Insulator Defect Based on Improved YOLOv5s[J]. High Voltage Apparatus, 2026, 62(1): 134-142. DOI： 10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2026.01.017.

摘要

基于无人机航拍的电力巡检成为目前绝缘子缺陷检测方法的主流，但当遇到图像特征不够明显或干扰特征较多等问题时，绝缘子缺陷识别困难，检测精度不高。由此，提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5s的绝缘子缺陷检测方法。首先，重新设计卷积模块，然后将CA注意力机制与其相融合，并且在主干网络加入注意力机制与颈部网络的特征图进行多尺度特征融合，抑制复杂环境下的干扰特征，专注缺陷特征提取；其次，对空间金字塔池化结构（SPPF）进行改进，扩大感受野，减少被模型过滤掉的有用信息；接着，将Transformer与C3模块中的残差结构（Bottleneck）相结合，增强模型对绝缘子缺陷特征的识别能力；最后，使用K-means算法对数据集进行聚类分析，重新计算最适合的锚框尺寸。在数据集上进行验证，改进后的方法平均精度达到97.4%，召回率达到94.8%，均值平均精度为97.6%，该方法有效提升了复杂环境下的绝缘子缺陷检测能力，进一步满足了对绝缘子缺陷检测精度的需求。

Abstract

Electric power inspection based on UAV aerial photography has become presently the mainstream method for insulator defect detection. However

in case of such issues as insufficiently distinct image features or excessive interfering features

the defect identification of the insulator is difficult and the detection accuracy is not high. Therefore

a method for insulator defect detection based on improved YOLOv5s is proposed. First

the convolutional module is redesigned

and then integrated with the CA attention mechanism. Furthermore

the attention mechanism is incorporated into the backbone network to perform multi-scale feature fusion with feature maps from the neck network. This helps to suppress interference features in complex environments and enhance focus on defect feature extraction. Then

the spatial pyramid pool structure (SPPF) is improved to enlarge the receptive field and reduce the useful information filtered out by the model. After that

a Bottleneck in the C3 module is combined with Transformer to enhance the model's ability to recognize insulator defect characteristics. Finally

the K-means algorithm is used to perform cluster analysis on the data set and recalculate the most suitable anchor frame size. Verification is performed on the data set

and the average accuracy of the improved method reaches 97.4%

the recall rate reaches 94.8%

and the average accuracy is 97.6%. This method effectively improves the ability of insulator defect detection in complex environments

and further meets the demand for defect detection accuracy of insulator .

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