Study on Aggregated Control Technology for Battery Swapping Stations Based on Power Grid Auxiliary Services

CHEN Xi; ZHANG Baoqun; LI Zhuoqun; JIAN Wei

doi:10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2025.11.005

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Study on Aggregated Control Technology for Battery Swapping Stations Based on Power Grid Auxiliary Services

Power Grid Regulation and Control Strategy | 更新时间：2025-11-04

- Study on Aggregated Control Technology for Battery Swapping Stations Based on Power Grid Auxiliary Services
- High Voltage Apparatus Vol. 61, Issue 11, Pages: 45-57(2025)
- 作者机构：
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2025.11.005
  CLC：
- Received：27 May 2025，
  
  Revised：2025-08-01，
  
  Published：16 November 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
CHEN Xi, ZHANG Baoqun, LI Zhuoqun, et al. Study on Aggregated Control Technology for Battery Swapping Stations Based on Power Grid Auxiliary Services[J]. High voltage apparatus, 2025, 61(11): 45-57.
DOI：

CHEN Xi, ZHANG Baoqun, LI Zhuoqun, et al. Study on Aggregated Control Technology for Battery Swapping Stations Based on Power Grid Auxiliary Services[J]. High voltage apparatus, 2025, 61(11): 45-57. DOI： 10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2025.11.005.

摘要

随着“双碳”政策的推进，电动汽车（electric vehicles，EV）作为新型分布式储能系统，因其突出的可调节能力和经济潜力得到广泛应用。换电站凭借大量电池储备与快速响应特性，成为支撑电网主动互动的优质灵活调节资源。然而，当前换电站无序并网导致资源利用率不足。为此，文中首先梳理现有研究中换电站车网互动（V2G）架构，系统分析4种典型模式特征，据此确立聚合调控运行策略；其次评估换电站可调潜力，对比既有方法优劣，为规模化参与电力系统运行提供依据；进而结合经济性分析，总结其参与电网辅助服务的机制与方法；最后展望了换电站车网互动的技术挑战与发展趋势。

Abstract

With the advancement of the‘double carbon’policy，electric vehicles（EV），as a new type of distributed energy storage system，has been widely used due to its strong adjustability and economic potential. With a large number of EV batteries reserve and fast response characteristic，power exchange station becomes into a high-quality and flexible regulation resource supporting the active interaction of power grid. However，at present，the disordered access of power exchange stations to the grid leads to insufficient utilization of resources. Therefore，in this paper the vehicle-grid interaction architecture of power exchange stations in the current existing study is summarized firstly，and the characteristics of four typical models are systemically analyzed. On this basis，the operation strategy for regulating aggregation is determined. Then，the adjustable capacity of the power exchange station is assessed，the prons and cons of the existing methods are compared so to provide a basis for the large-scale participation of the power exchange station. Moreover，the relevant mechanisms and methods for the participation of power exchange stations in grid auxiliary services are summarized in combination with economic performance analysis. Finally，the technical challenges and development trends of vehicle-grid interaction of power exchange station is discussed.

关键词

Keywords

references

王雅 , 衣博文 . 考虑可再生能源波动特征的电动汽车并网经济性评估 [J/OL ] . 中国管理科学 , 1 - 12 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.1325 .

WANG Ya , YI Bowen . Economic assessment of electric vehicle considering the volatility of renewable energy [J/OL ] . Chinese Journal of Management Science , 1 - 12 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.16381/j.cnki.issn1003-207x.2023.1325 .

李国 , 张智晟 , 温令云 . 换电模式下电动汽车充换电网络的规划 [J ] . 电力系统保护与控制 , 2013 , 41 ( 20 ): 93 - 98 .

LI Guo , ZHANG Zhisheng , WEN Lingyun . Planning of batteryswitching and vehicle-charging network based on battery switching mode [J ] . Power System Protection and Control , 2013 , 41 ( 20 ): 93 - 98 .

曾宪锴 , 杨苹 , 刘璐瑶 , 等 . 电力现货市场环境下电动汽车充换电站的优化调控策略 [J ] . 电力自动化设备 , 2022 , 42 ( 10 ): 38 - 45 .

ZENG Xiankai , YANG Ping , LIU Luyao , et al . Optimal regulation strategy of battery charging and swapping station for electric vehicles under electricity spot market environment [J ] . Electric Power Automation Equipment , 2022 , 42 ( 10 ): 38 - 45 .

李咸善 , 詹梓澳 , 李飞 , 等 . 考虑换电需求响应的换电站参与电能量—调频市场竞价策略 [J ] . 电力系统自动化 , 2024 , 48 ( 8 ): 207 - 215 .

LI Xianshan , ZHAN Ziao , LI Fei , et al . Bidding strategy for battery swapping station participating in electricity energy and frequency regulation market considering demand response of battery swapping [J ] . Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2024 , 48 ( 8 ): 207 - 215 .

童岷 , 胡志华 . 基于代客充电模式的电动汽车充电站布局优化 [J ] . 运筹与管理 , 2024 , 33 ( 8 ): 65 - 71 .

TONG Min , HU Zhihua . Electric vehicle charging station location optimization based on the valet charging mode [J ] . Operations Research and Management Science , 2024 , 33 ( 8 ): 65 - 71 .

朱继忠 , 何晨可 , 刘云 , 等 . 面向电动汽车高渗透率综合能源系统的换电模式综述与展望 [J ] . 南方电网技术 , 2023 , 17 ( 10 ): 133 - 151 .

ZHU Jizhong , HE Chenke , LIU Yun , et al . Review and prospect of swapping pattern for integrated energy system with high penetration of electric vehicles [J ] . Southern Power System Technology , 2023 , 17 ( 10 ): 133 - 151 .

茆美琴 , 林晨 , 王吉文 , 等 . 大规模电动汽车参与区域电网深度调峰的分层可交易能源控制策略 [J/OL ] . 中国电机工程学报 , 1 - 16 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://kns-cnki-net.webvpn.ncut.edu.cn/kcms/detail/11.2107.tm.20241223.1114.011.html .

MAO Meiqin , LIN Chen , WANG Jiwen , et al . Hierarchical tradable energy control strategy for large-scale electric vehicles to participate in deep peaking of regional power grids [J/OL ] . Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering , 1 - 16 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://knscnki-net.webvpn.ncut.edu.cn/kcms/detail/11.2107.tm.20241223.1114.011.html .

姚若钰 , 王馨杉 . 电动汽车充电站参与电网辅助调频的控制方法 [J ] . 电力科学与技术学报 , 2025 , 40 ( 1 ): 19 - 28 .

YAO Ruoyu , WANG Xinshan . Control method of electric vehicle charging station participating in auxiliary frequency regulation for power grid [J ] . Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology , 2025 , 40 ( 1 ): 19 - 28 .

刘可真 , 赵贞焰 , 何界东 , 等 . 考虑用户意愿下电动汽车动态参与调频服务的两阶段优化调度 [J ] . 电网技术 , 2025 , 49 ( 5 ): 1859 - 1868 .

LIU Kezhen , ZHAO Zhenyan , HE Jiedong , et al . Two-stage optimization scheduling for dynamic participation of electric vehicles in frequency regulation services considering user preferences [J ] . Power System Technology , 2025 , 49 ( 5 ): 1859 - 1868 .

肖仁鑫 , 马四琳 , 潘楠 , 等 . 考虑需求响应和EV有序接入的微电网双层优化调度 [J/OL ] . 太阳能学报 , 1 - 10 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2411 .

XIAO Renxin , MA Silin , PAN Nan , et al . Bi - level optimal scheduling of microgrid considering demand response and orderly access of EVs [J/OL ] . Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica , 1 - 10 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2024-2411 .

WU Hao . A survey of battery swapping stations for electric vehicles:Operation modes and decision scenarios [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2022 , 23 ( 8 ): 10163 - 10185 .

WANG Xinan , WANG Jianhui . Economic assessment for battery swapping station based frequency regulation service [J ] . IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications , 2020 , 56 ( 5 ): 5880 - 5889 .

TANG Minan , ZHANG Chenchen , ZHANG Yaqi , et al . A duallayer MPC of coordinated control of battery load demand and gridside supply matching at electric vehicle swapping stations [J ] . Energies , 2024 , 17 ( 4 ): 879 .

WANG F Y , CHEN Zhuoxu , HU Zechun . Comprehensive optimization of electrical heavy-duty truck battery swap stations with a SOCdependent charge scheduling method [J ] . Energy , 2024 ( 308 ): 132773 .

国务院办公厅 . 关于加快新能源汽车推广应用的指导意见 [J ] . 综合运输 , 2014 ( 8 ): 82 - 85 .

General Office of the State Council . Guiding opinions on accelerating the promotion and application of new energy vehicles [J ] . Comprehensive Transportation , 2014 ( 8 ): 82 - 85 .

国家发展改革委 . 关于印发《电动汽车充电基础设施发展指南(2015-2020年)》的通知 [EB/OL ] .[ 2025-05-27 ] https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/gdzt/cjnjtzzcwj/201606/t201606071033476.html .

National Development and Reform Commission . Circular on printing and issuing the‘guide to the development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure(2015-2020)’ [EB/OL ] .[ 2025-05-27 ] . https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xwdt/gdzt/cjnjtzzcwj/201606/t201606071033476.html .

佚名 . 《新能源汽车产业发展规划》发布2035年纯电动车成为新售主流 [J ] . 粉末冶金工业 , 2020 , 30 ( 6 ): 44 .

Anon . New energy automobile industry development plan released 2035 pure electric vehicles become the mainstream of new sales [J ] . Powder Metallurgy Industry , 2020 , 30 ( 6 ): 44 .

电动汽车换电安全要求:GB/T 40032—2021 [S ] . 2021 .

Safety requirements for electric vehicle power exchange:GB/T 40032—2021 [S ] . 2021 .

国家发展改革委 , 国家能源局 , 工业和信息化部 , 等 . 国家发展改革委等部门关于进一步提升电动汽车充电基础设施服务保障能力的实施意见 [J ] . 财会学习 , 2022 ( 7 ): 3 - 4 .

National Development and Reform Commission(NDRC) , National Energy Administration(NEA) , Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(MIIT) , et al . Implementation opinions of national development and reform commission and other departments on further enhancing the service guarantee capacity of electric vehicle charging infrastructure [J ] . Accounting Learning , 2022 ( 7 ): 3 - 4 .

财政部 . 明确财政支持“双碳”工作的重点方向和领域 [J ] . 中国总会计师 , 2022 ( 6 ): 10 .

Ministry of Finance . Clarifies key directions and areas of financial support for“dual-carbon”work [J ] . China Accountant General , 2022 ( 6 ): 10 .

财政部 . 财政支持做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见 [J ] . 新理财 , 2022 ( 7 ): 8 - 9 .

Ministry of Finance . Issues opinions on financial support for doing a good job in carbon peak carbon neutrality [J ] . New Finance , 2022 ( 7 ): 8 - 9 .

工信部 , 交通运输部 . 开展公共领域车辆全面电动化先行区试点 [J ] . 中国设备工程 , 2023 ( 4 ): 1 .

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology(MIIT),Ministry of Transportation and Communications(MOTC).Pilot zone for full electrification of public sector vehicles [J ] . China Plant Engineering , 2023 ( 4 ): 1 .

YANG Shengjie , YAO Jiangang , KANG Tong , et al . Dynamic operation model of the battery swapping station for EV (electric vehicle) in electricity market [J ] . Energy , 2014 ( 65 ): 544 - 549 .

杨东海 , 刘建勇 , 马红涛 , 等 . 电动汽车充换电站运营优化探究 [J ] . 电工技术 , 2016 ( 9 ): 111 - 112 .

YANG Donghai , LIU Jianyong , MA Hongtao , et al . Exploration on operation optimization of electric vehicle charging and switching station [J ] . Electric Engineering , 2016 ( 9 ): 111 - 112 .

ZAHER G K , SHAABAN M F , MOKHTAR M , et al . Optimal operation of battery exchange stations for electric vehicles [J ] . Electric Power Systems Research , 2021 ( 192 ): 106935 .

秦文龙 , 罗贺 , 李晓多 , 等 . 考虑多换电站的多无人机应急电力巡检路径规划方法 [J ] . 控制与决策 , 2025 , 40 ( 8 ): 2391 - 2399 .

QIN Wenlong , LUO He , LI Xiaoduo , et al . A multi-drone emergency power inspection path planning method considering multiple switching stations [J ] . Control and Decision Making , 2025 , 40 ( 8 ): 2391 - 2399 .

刘敦楠 , 王玲湘 , 汪伟业 , 等 . 基于深度强化学习的大规模电动汽车充换电负荷优化调度 [J ] . 电力系统自动化 , 2022 , 46 ( 4 ): 36 - 46 .

LIU Dunnan , WANG Lingxiang , WANG Weiye , et al . Optimal scheduling of electric vehicle load for large-scale battery charging and swapping based on deep reinforcement learning [J ] . Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2022 , 46 ( 4 ): 36 - 46 .

张美霞 , 付御临 , 杨秀 . 基于电动汽车充换电需求时空分布的充换电设施规划 [J ] . 电力科学与技术学报 , 2025 , 40 ( 1 ): 126 - 137 .

ZHANG Meixia , FU Yulin , YANG Xiu . Planning of charging and battery swapping facilities based on spatio-temporal distribution of charging and battery swapping demand of electric vehicles [J ] . Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology , 2025 , 40 ( 1 ): 126 - 137 .

HAN Shuai , WU Ning , RUAN Shiya , et al . Evaluation study of peak shaving potential of battery swapping stations factoring in service capacity and resource tunability [J ] . Journal of Physics:Conference Series , 2024 , 2781 ( 1 ): 012016 .

ZHAN Weipeng , WANG Zhenpo , ZHANG Lei , et al . A review of siting,sizing,optimal scheduling,and cost-benefit analysis for battery swapping stations [J ] . Energy , 2022 ( 258 ): 124723 .

INFANTE W , MA Jin . Multistakeholder planning and operational strategy for electric vehicle battery swapping stations [J ] . IEEE Systems Journal , 2022 , 16 ( 3 ): 3543 - 3553 .

YANG Jie , LIU Wei , MA Kai , et al . An optimal battery allocation model for battery swapping station of electric vehicles [J ] . Energy , 2023 ( 272 ): 127109 .

孙小慧 , 米玉梅 , 刘毅 , 等 . 基于蒙特卡洛模拟的电动汽车充电需求时空分布预测 [J ] . 公路工程 , 2025 , 50 ( 2 ): 233 - 244 .

SUN Xiaohui , MI Yumei , LIU Yi , et al . Forecasting spatial and temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging demand based on Monte Carlo simulation [J ] . Highway Engineering , 2025 , 50 ( 2 ): 233 - 244 .

吴小涛 , 袁晓辉 , 毛玉鑫 , 等 . 基于鹈鹕优化CNN-BiLSTM的电力负荷预测 [J ] . 水电能源科学 , 2024 , 42 ( 8 ): 209 - 212 .

WU Xiaotao , YUAN Xiaohui , MAO Yuxin , et al . Power load prediction based on pelican optimized CNN-BiLSTM [J ] . Water Resources and Power , 2024 , 42 ( 8 ): 209 - 212 .

卢昱宏 , 范培潇 , 杨军 , 等 . 基于近端策略优化算法的含电动汽车孤岛微电网智能频率控制策略 [J ] . 电力自动化设备 , 2025 , 45 ( 10 ): 135 - 143 .

LU Yuhong , FAN Peixiao , YANG Jun , et al . Intelligent frequency control strategy for islanded microgrid containing electric vehicles based on near - end strategy optimization algorithm [J ] . Power Automation Equipment , 2025 , 45 ( 10 ): 135 - 143 .

许泽凯 , 刘曌 , 和敬涵 , 等 . 新型配电网多虚拟电厂分布式资源聚合与聚合体优化运行方法 [J ] . 高电压技术 , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 105 - 116 .

XU Zekai , LIU Zhao , HE Jinghan , et al . Distributed resource aggregation and aggregate optimization operation method of multivirtual power plant in new power distribution network [J ] . High Voltage Engineering , 2024 , 50 ( 1 ): 105 - 116 .

徐天韵 , 陈涛 , 张鑫 , 等 . 基于奇诺多面体的虚拟电厂分布式资源广域聚合调控方法 [J ] . 电力系统自动化 , 2024 , 48 ( 18 ): 139 - 148 .

XU Tianyun , CHEN Tao , ZHANG Xin , et al . Zonotope-based widearea aggregation and regulation method for distributed resources in virtual power plant [J ] . Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2024 , 48 ( 18 ): 139 - 148 .

周华嫣然 , 周羿宏 , 胡俊杰 , 等 . 人工智能技术支撑的集群电动汽车实时优化调度策略 [J ] . 电网技术 , 2021 , 45 ( 4 ): 1446 - 1454 .

ZHOU Huayanran , ZHOU Yihong , HU Junjie , et al . Real-time optimization scheduling strategy for aggregated electric vehicles supported by artificial intelligence technology [J ] . Power System Technology , 2021 , 45 ( 4 ): 1446 - 1454 .

杨少波 , 刘道伟 , 安军 , 等 . 基于长短期记忆网络的电网动态轨迹趋势预测方法 [J ] . 中国电机工程学报 , 2020 , 40 ( 9 ): 2854 - 2865 .

YANG Shaobo , LIU Daowei , AN Jun , et al . Trend prediction method of power network dynamic trajectory based on long short term memory neural networks [J ] . Proceedings of the CSEE , 2020 , 40 ( 9 ): 2854 - 2865 .

AKSAN F , SURESH V , JANIK P . Optimal capacity and charging scheduling of battery storage through forecasting of photovoltaic power production and electric vehicle charging demand with deep learning models [J ] . Energies , 2024 , 17 ( 11 ): 2718 .

SHANMUGANATHAN J , VICTOIRE A A , BALRAJ G , et al . Deep learning LSTM recurrent neural network model for prediction of electric vehicle charging demand [J ] . Sustainability , 2022 , 14 ( 16 ): 10207 .

刘祺 , 王承民 , 谢宁 , 等 . 新型配电系统中考虑电动汽车差异化行为特性的充换电站规划方法 [J ] . 智慧电力 , 2024 , 52 ( 9 ): 18 - 24 .

LIU Qi , WANG Chengmin , XIE Ning , et al . Charging and swapping stations planning method considering differentiated behavior characteristics of electric vehicles in new distribution system [J ] . Smart Power , 2024 , 52 ( 9 ): 18 - 24 .

裴振坤 , 王学梅 , 康龙云 . 电动汽车参与电网辅助服务的控制策略综述 [J ] . 电力系统自动化 , 2023 , 47 ( 18 ): 17 - 32 .

PEI Zhenkun , WANG Xuemei , KANG Longyun . Review on control strategies for electric vehicles participating in ancillary services of power grid [J ] . Automation of Electric Power Systems , 2023 , 47 ( 18 ): 17 - 32 .

李捷 , 杨冰 . 电动汽车换电站参与电力市场辅助服务的经济效益研究 [J ] . 中国电力 , 2020 , 53 ( 12 ): 258 - 262 .

LI Jie , YANG Bing . Study on economic benefits of electric vehicle battery swapping station participating in power market auxiliary service [J ] . Electric Power , 2020 , 53 ( 12 ): 258 - 262 .

ZHANG Fan , YAO Senjing , ZENG Xiankai , et al . Operation strategy for electric vehicle battery swap station cluster participating in frequency regulation service [J ] . Processes , 2021 , 9 ( 9 ): 1513 .

顾玮 , 段敬 , 张栋 , 等 . 基于数据与模型联合驱动的电动汽车充电负荷时空分布预测 [J ] . 计算机科学 , 2024 , 51 ( s2 ): 1022 - 1027 .

GU Wei , DUAN Jing , ZHANG Dong , et al . Prediction of spatial and temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging loads based on joint data and modeling drive [J ] . Computer Science , 2024 , 51 ( s2 ): 1022 - 1027 .

王国君 , 王立业 , 廖承林 , 等 . 可变带宽核估计与卷积神经网络结合的充电负荷预测 [J ] . 北京交通大学学报 , 2024 , 48 ( 5 ): 155 - 161 .

WANG Guojun , WANG Liye , LIAO Chenglin , et al . Charging load prediction using variable bandwidth kernel estimation combined with convolutional neural networks [J ] . Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University , 2024 , 48 ( 5 ): 155 - 161 .

沙玲 , 汪静 , 张海峰 , 等 . 基于仿真方法的共享换电站价值量化分析 [J ] . 北京工业大学学报 , 2025 , 51 ( 1 ): 22 - 31 .

SHA Ling , WANG Jing , ZHANG Haifeng , et al . Quantification analysis of shared battery swap station value based on simulation methods [J ] . Journal of Beijing University of Technology , 2025 , 51 ( 1 ): 22 - 31 .

齐彩娟 , 张泽龙 , 吕干云 , 等 . 计及用户行为决策的电动汽车负荷时空分布建模 [J ] . 南方电网技术 , 2023 , 17 ( 10 ): 170 - 177 .

QI Caijuan , ZHANG Zelong , LYU Ganyun , et al . Spatial-temporal modeling of EV load considering user behavior decision [J ] . Southern Power System Technology , 2023 , 17 ( 10 ): 170 - 177 .

耿鹏 , 柳艳 . 多推荐策略下充电网络鲁棒性分析及关键节点识别 [J ] . 智慧电力 , 2025 , 53 ( 1 ): 62 - 67 .

GENG Peng , LIU Yan . Robustness analysis and key nodes identifi cation for charging network based on multiple recommendation strategies [J ] . Smart Power , 2025 , 53 ( 1 ): 62 - 67 .

王鹤 , 汪瑶 , 边竞 , 等 . 基于改进滚动时域法的大规模电动汽车接入电网双层实时调度策略 [J/OL ] . 电网技术 , 1 - 12 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2024.1646 .

WANG He , WANG Yao , BIAN Jing , et al . A two-tier real-time scheduling strategy for large-scale electric vehicle access to the grid based on improved rolling time domain method [J/OL ] . Grid Technology , 1 - 12 [ 2025-05-27 ] . https://doi.org/10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2024.1646 .

LI Yang , YANG Zhen , LI Guoqing , et al . Optimal scheduling of isolated microgrid with an electric vehicle battery swapping station in multi-stakeholder scenarios:A bi-level programming approach via real-time pricing [J ] . Applied Energy , 2018 ( 232 ): 54 - 68 .

ALI M I , MANDAL R K , KUMAR A . Optimization of battery swapping station for electric vehicles by novel adaptive GWO algorithm [J ] . Energy , 2025 ( 333 ): 137348 .

骆钊 , 聂灵峰 , 田肖 , 等 . 结合车主期望的充换电站辅助调频策略 [J ] . 电力系统保护与控制 , 2024 , 52 ( 13 ): 90 - 101 .

LUO Zhao , NIE Lingfeng , TIAN Xiao , et al . Auxiliary frequency regulation strategy for charging and swapping stations combined with the expectations of vehicle owners [J ] . Power System Protection and Control , 2024 , 52 ( 13 ): 90 - 101 .

ZHANG Fan , LYU Huitao , XING Qiang , et al . Deployment of battery-swapping stations:Integrating travel chain simulation and multi-objective optimization for delivery electric micromobility vehicles [J ] . Energy , 2024 ( 290 ): 130252 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰